Module 5 Glossary New terms and their definitions: Course 1 Week 5 Application software: Any software created to fulfill a specific need, like a text editor, web browser, or graphics editor Assembly language: A language that allowed computer scientists to use human readable instructions, assembled into code that the machines could understand Automation: It makes processes work automatically Coding: Translating one language to another Compiled programming language: A language that uses human readable instructions, then sends them through a compiler Copyright: Used when creating original work .exe: A file extension found in Windows for an executable file Firmware: Software that's permanently stored on a computer component GIT: A version control system that helps keep track of changes made to files and directories Interpreted programming language: A language that isn't compiled ahead of time Programming: Coding in a programming language Programming language: Special languages that software developers use to write instructions for computers to execute Script: It is run by an interpreter, which interprets the code into CPU instructions just in time to run them Scripting: Coding in a scripting language Software: The intangible instructions that tell the hardware what to do Software bug: An error in software that causes unexpected results Software management: A broad term used to refer to any and all kinds of software that are designed to manage or help manage some sort of project or task System software: Software used to keep our core system running, like operating system tools and utilities Terms and their definitions from previous weeks A Abstraction: To take a relatively complex system and simplify it for our use Address bus: Connects the CPU to the MCC and sends over the location of the data, but not the data itself Algorithm: A series of steps that solves specific problems Android : A mobile operating system based on Linux Application: A computer program designed for a specific use ARPANET: The earliest version of the Internet that we see today, created by the US government project DARPA in the 1960s ASCII: The oldest character encoding standard used is ASCII. It represents the English alphabet, digits, and punctuation marks ATA: The most common interface that hard drives use to connect to our system ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended): The most common form factor for motherboards B Backward compatible: It means older hardware works with newer hardware Binary system: The communication that a computer uses is referred to as binary system, also known as base-2 numeral system BIOS (Basic Input Output Services): The BIOS is software that helps initialize the hardware in our computer and gets our operating system up and running BIOS/UEFI: A low-level software that initializes our computer's hardware to make sure everything is good to go Block storage: It improves faster handling of data because the data isn't stored in one long piece but in blocks, so it can be accessed more quickly Boot: To start up a computer Bootloader: A small program that loads the operating system BYOD (Bring Your Own Device): Refers to the practice of allowing people to use their own personal devices for work Byte: A group of 8 bits C Cache: The assigned stored location for recently or frequently accessed data; on a mobile app it is where anything that was changed or created with that app is stored Character encoding: Is used to assign our binary values to characters so that we as humans can read them Charge cycle: One full charge and discharge of a battery Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA): Regulates the information we show to children under the age of 13 Chrome OS: A Linux-based operating system designed by Google Clients: A device that receives data from a server Computer: A device that stores and processes data by performing calculations Chipset: It decides how components talk to each other on our machine Clock cycle: When you send a voltage to the clock wire Clock speed: The maximum number of clock cycles that it can handle in a set in a certain time period Clock wire: When you send or receive data, it sends a voltage to that clock wire to let the CPU know it can start doing calculations Command Line Interface (CLI): A shell that uses text commands to interact with the operating system Computer file: Data that we store and a file can be anything, a word document, a picture, a song, literally anything CPU: Central processing unit CPU sockets: A CPU socket is a series of pins that connect a CPU’s processor to the PC’s motherboard Cryptography: The overarching discipline that covers the practice of coding and hiding messages from third parties D DARPA: A US government project in the 1960s that went on to create the earliest version of the Internet that we see today Data blocks: Data that can be broken down into many pieces and written to different parts of the hard disk Data sizes: Metrics that refer to data sizes including bit, byte, kilobyte, kibibyte, and megabyte DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM): A type of RAM that is faster, takes up less power, and has a larger capacity than earlier SDRAM versions Decimal form- base 10 system: In the decimal system, there are 10 possible numbers you can use ranging from zero to nine Desktop: The main screen where we can navigate our files, folders, and applications Digital divide: The growing skills gap between people with and without digital literacy skills DIMM: Dual Inline Memory Module Display port: Port which also outputs audio and video Distributions: Some common Linux distributions are Ubuntu, Debian, and Red Hat Domain name: A website name; the part of the URL following www. Domain Name System (DNS): A global and highly distributed network service that resolves strings of letters, such as a website name, into an IP address DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory Drivers: The drivers contain the instructions our CPU needs to understand external devices like keyboards, webcams, printers DVI: DVI cables generally just output video E Electrostatic discharge: Electrostatic discharge is a sudden and momentary flow of electric current between two electrically charged objects caused by contact, an electrical short or dielectric breakdown Etcher.io: A tool you can use to load an install image onto your USB device and make it bootable Ethernet cable: It lets you physically connect to the network through a cable External Data Bus (EDB): It's a row of wires that interconnect the parts of our computer F Factory reset: Resetting a device to the settings it came with from the factory Fiber optic cable: Fiber optic cables contain individual optical fibers which are tiny tubes made of glass about the width of a human hair. Unlike copper, which uses electrical voltages, fiber cables use pulses of light to represent the ones and zeros of the underlying data File extension: The appended part of a filename that tells us what type of file it is in certain operating systems File handling: A process of storing data using a program File system: A system used to manage files Finder: The file manager for all Macs Folders/Directories: Used to organize files Form factor: A mathematical way to compensate for irregularities in the shape of an object by using a ratio between its volume and height G Globalization: The movement that lets governments, businesses, and organizations communicate and integrate together on an international scale H Hard drive: It is a long term memory component that holds all of our data, which can include music, pictures, applications Hardware: External or internal devices and equipment that help you perform major functions Hardware resource deficiency: It refers to the lack of system resources like memory, hard drive space, et cetera HDD (Hard disk drive): Hard disk drives, or HDDs, use a spinning platter and a mechanical arm to read and write information HDMI: A type of cable that outputs both video and audio Heatsink: It is used to dissipate heat from our CPU HFS+/APFS: HFS+ is a journaling system developed by Apple Inc. and APFS is another but more encrypted Apple journaling system Hostname: Used to identify the computer when it needs to talk to other computers Hubs: Devices that serve as a central location through which data travels through I Information technology : The use of digital technology, like computers and the internet, to store and process data into useful information Input/Output device: A device that performs input and output, including monitors, keyboards, mice, hard disk drives, speakers, bluetooth headsets, webcams, and network adapters Install image: A downloadable operating system image used to install an operating system on a device Instruction set: A list of instructions that our CPU is able to run Internet: A worldwide system of interconnected networks Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): Where website names are registered Internet of Things (IoT): The concept that more and more devices are connected to the internet in a smarter fashion such as smart thermostats that turn off the air conditioner when you leave and turn it on when you come back Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4): An address that consists of 32 bits separated into four groups Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6): An address that consist of a 128 bits, four times the amount that IPv4 uses Internet service provider (ISP) : A company that provides a consumer an internet connection I/O management: Anything that can give us input or that we can use for output of data iOS: A mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. IP address: The most common protocol used in the network layer, used to helps us route information ITX (Information Technology eXtended): A form factor for motherboards that is much smaller than ATX boards K Kernel: The main core of an operating system that creates processes, efficiently schedules them, and manages how processes are terminated L Land Grid Array (LGA): It is a type of CPU socket that stick out of the motherboard Lightning adaptor: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices Linux OS: Linux is one of the largest an open source operating system used heavily in business infrastructure and in the consumer space Logic gates: Allow transistors to do more complex tasks, like decide where to send electrical signals depending on logical conditions Logs: Files that record system events on our computer M MAC address: A globally unique identifier attached to an individual network interface. It's a 48-bit number normally represented by six groupings of two hexadecimal numbers Mac OS: Apple's operating system Mb/s: megabit per second, which is a unit of data transfer rate Memory controller chip (MCC): A bridge between the CPU and the RAM Memory management: One of the functions that a kernel performs; it optimizes memory usage and make sure our applications have enough memory to run Metadata: Tells us everything we need to know about a file, including who created it, when it was last modified, who has access to it, and what type of file it is Micro display port: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices  Microsoft Terminal Services Client: A client program used to create RDP connections to remote computers Micro HDMI: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices  Micro USB: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices  Mini HDMI: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices  Mini USB: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices Motherboard: The body or circulatory system of the computer that connects all the pieces together N Network: The interconnection of computers Network Address Translation (NAT): A mitigation tool that lets organizations use one public IP address and many private IP addresses within the network Networking: Managing, building and designing networks Networking protocols: A set of rules for how we transfer data in a network Network stack: A set of hardware or software that provides the infrastructure for a computer Northbridge: interconnects stuff like RAM and video cards O Open SSH: The most popular program to use SSH within Linux Open source: This means the developers will let other developers share, modify, and distribute their software for free Operating system: The whole package that manages our computers resources and lets us interact with it Overclocking: it increases the rate of your CPU clock cycles in order to perform more tasks P PC: Personal computer, which technically means a computer that one person uses PCI Express: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express PDA (Personal Digital Assistant): Allows computing to go mobile Peripherals: the external devices which we connect to our computer that add functionality, like: a mouse, a keyboard, and a monitor Pin Grid Array (PGA): CPU socket where the pins are located on the processor itself Plink (PuTTY Link): A tool built into the command line after PuTTY is installed that is used to make remote SSH connections Ports: Connection points that we can connect devices to that extend the functionality of our computer POST (Power On Self Test): It figures out what hardware is on the computer Powershell: A shell (program that interprets text commands) for Windows Power supply: Converts electricity from our wall outlet onto a format that our computer can use Power user: Above average computer users Process management: The capacity to manage the many programs in a system - when to run them, the order they run in, how many resources they take up, how long they run, etc. Programs: Basic instructions that tell the computer what to do Punch cards: A sequence of cards with holes in them to automatically perform calculations instead of manually entering them by hand Q Qwiklabs: An online platform which provides training in cloud services R RAM: Random Access Memory Registers: An accessible location for storing the data that our CPU works with Reimaging: The process of reimaging involves wiping and reinstalling an operating system using a disk image which is a copy of an operating system Remote connection: The ability to connect an authorized person to a computer or network remotely; allows us to manage multiple machines from anywhere in the world  Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) : A secure network communication protocol developed by Microsoft that allows a user to connect to another device remotely Return merchandise authorization (RMA): The process of receiving returned merchandise and authorizing a refund RGB model: RGB or red, green, and blue model is the basic model of representing colors ROM chip (Read Only Memory): A read-only memory chip where the BIOS is stored Router: A device that knows how to forward data between independent networks RPM: Revolutions per minute S Safe operating temperature: The temperature range in which rechargeable batteries must be kept in order to avoid demanage SATA: The most popular serial ATA drive, which uses one cable for data transfers Scalability: The measure of a system’s ability to increase or decrease in performance and cost in response to varying loads in system processing demands SDRAM: It stands for Synchronous DRAM, this type of RAM is synchronized to our systems' clock speed allowing quicker processing of data Server logs: Text files that contains recorded information about activities performed on a specific web server in a defined period of time Servers: Devices that provide data to other devices that request that data, also known as a client Shell: A program that interprets text commands and sends them to the OS to execute SOC (System On a Chip): Packs the CPU, Ram, and sometimes even the storage onto a single chip Southbridge: It maintains our IO or input/output controllers, like hard drives and USB devices that input and output data SSD: Solid State Drive SSH (Secure shell): A protocol implemented by other programs to securely access one computer from another. SSH authentication key: A secure authentication method for accessing a computer from other device SSH client: A program you must have installed on your device in order to establish an SSH connection with another device SSH server: Software installed on a machine that allows for that device to accept an SSH connection Standardization: A systematic way of naming hosts Standoffs: Used to raise and attach your motherboard to the case Swap space: The allocated space where the virtual memory is stored on the hard drive when the amount of physical memory space is used up or full Switches: Devices that help our data travel System: A group of hardware components and software components that work together to fun the programs or processes in the computer System settings: Settings like display resolution, user accounts, network, devices, etc. T Task bar: It gives us quick options and shows us information like network connectivity, the date, system notifications, sound etc Terminal: A text based interface to the computer Thermal paste: A substance used to better connect our CPU and heat sink, so the heat transfers from to the other better Time slice: A very short interval of time that gets allocated to a process for CPU execution Transfer Control Protocol (TCP): A protocol that handles reliable delivery of information from one network to another Type-C connector: A type of USB connector meant to replace many peripheral connections U Ubuntu: The most popular Linux consumer distribution UEFI: United Extensible Firmware Interface Uniform Resource Locator (URL): A web address similar to a home address USB (Universal Serial Bus): A connection standard for connecting peripherals to devices such as computers USB-C adapter: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices User name: A unique identifier for a user account User space: The aspect of an operating system that humans interact with directly like programs, such as text editors, music players, system settings, user interfaces, etc. UTF-8: The most prevalent encoding standard used today V Virtual Box: An application you can use to install Linux and have it completely isolated from your machine Virtual machine (VM): An application that uses physical resources like memory, CPU and storage, but they offer the added benefit of running multiple operating systems at once Virtual memory: A combination of hard drive space and RAM that acts like memory which our processes can use VPN (Virtual private network) : A secure method of connecting a device to a private network over the internet W WannaCry Attack: A cyber attack that started in Europe and infected hundreds of thousands of computers across the world Wireless networking (Wi-Fi): Networks you connect to through radios and antennas World Wide Web (WWW): The information system that enables documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet