# Course wrap-up; Glossary Cybersecurity Course 3

#### Glossary: Terms and definitions from Course 3 #### A Active packet sniffing: A type of attack where data packets are manipulated in transit Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): Used to determine the MAC address of the next router or device to traverse #### B Bandwidth: The maximum data transmission capacity over a network, measured by bits per second Baseline configuration: A documented set of specifications within a system that is used as a basis for future builds, releases, and updates Bluetooth: Used for wireless communication with nearby physical devices Botnet: A collection of computers infected by malware that are under the control of a single threat actor, known as the “bot herder" #### C Cloud-based firewalls: Software firewalls that are hosted by the cloud service provider Cloud computing: The practice of using remote servers, application, and network services that are hosted on the internet instead of on local physical devices Cloud network: A collection of servers or computers that stores resources and data in remote data centers that can be accessed via the internet Controlled zone: A subnet that protects the internal network from the uncontrolled zone #### D Data packet: A basic unit of information that travels from one device to another within a network Denial of service (DoS) attack: An attack that targets a network or server and floods it with network traffic Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack: A type of denial or service attack that uses multiple devices or servers located in different locations to flood the target network with unwanted traffic Domain Name System (DNS): A networking protocol that translates internet domain names into IP addresses #### E Encapsulation: A process performed by a VPN service that protects your data by wrapping sensitive data in other data packets #### F File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Used to transfer files from one device to another over a network Firewall: A network security device that monitors traffic to or from your network Forward proxy server: A server that regulates and restricts a person’s access to the internet #### H Hardware: The physical components of a computer Hub: A network device that broadcasts information to every device on the network Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): An application layer protocol that provides a method of communication between clients and website servers Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS): A network protocol that provides a secure method of communication between clients and servers #### I Identity and access management (IAM): A collection of processes and technologies that helps organizations manage digital identities in their environment IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi): A set of standards that define communication for wireless LANs Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): An internet protocol used by devices to tell each other about data transmission errors across the network Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) flood: A type of DoS attack performed by an attacker repeatedly sending ICMP request packets to a network server Internet Protocol (IP): A set of standards used for routing and addressing data packets as they travel between devices on a network Internet Protocol (IP) address: A unique string of characters that identifies the location of a device on the internet IP spoofing: A network attack performed when an attacker changes the source IP of a data packet to impersonate an authorized system and gain access to a network #### L Local area network (LAN): A network that spans small areas like an office building, a school, or a home #### M Media Access Control (MAC) address: A unique alphanumeric identifier that is assigned to each physical device on a network Modem: A device that connects your router to the internet and brings internet access to the LAN Multi-factor authentication (MFA): A security measure that requires a user to verify their identity in two or more ways to access a system or network #### N Network: A group of connected devices Network log analysis: The process of examining network logs to identify events of interest Network protocols: A set of rules used by two or more devices on a network to describe the order of delivery of data and the structure of data Network segmentation: A security technique that divides the network into segments #### O Operating system (OS): The interface between computer hardware and the user Open systems interconnection (OSI) model: A standardized concept that describes the seven layers computers use to communicate and send data over the network On-path attack: An attack where a malicious actor places themselves in the middle of an authorized connection and intercepts or alters the data in transit #### P Packet sniffing: The practice of capturing and inspecting data packets across a network Passive packet sniffing: A type of attack where a malicious actor connects to a network hub and looks at all traffic on the network Patch update: A software and operating system update that addresses security vulnerabilities within a program or product Penetration testing: A simulated attack that helps identify vulnerabilities in systems, networks, websites, applications, and processes Ping of death: A type of DoS attack caused when a hacker pings a system by sending it an oversized ICMP packet that is bigger than 64KB Port: A software-based location that organizes the sending and receiving of data between devices on a network Port filtering: A firewall function that blocks or allows certain port numbers to limit unwanted communication Proxy server: A server that fulfills the requests of its clients by forwarding them to other servers #### R Replay attack: A network attack performed when a malicious actor intercepts a data packet in transit and delays it or repeats it at another time Reverse proxy server: A server that regulates and restricts the Internet's access to an internal server Router: A network device that connects multiple networks together #### S Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP): A secure protocol used to transfer files from one device to another over a network Secure shell (SSH): A security protocol used to create a shell with a remote system Security hardening: The process of strengthening a system to reduce its vulnerabilities and attack surface Security information and event management (SIEM): An application that collects and analyzes log data to monitors critical activities for an organization Security zone: A segment of a company’s network that protects the internal network from the internet Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): A network protocol used for monitoring and managing devices on a network Smurf attack: A network attack performed when an attacker sniffs an authorized user’s IP address and floods it with ICMP packets Speed: The rate at which a device sends and receives data, measured by bits per second Stateful: A class of firewall that keeps track of information passing through it and proactively filters out threats Stateless: A class of firewall that operates based on predefined rules and that does not keep track of information from data packets Subnetting: The subdivision of a network into logical groups called subnets Switch: A device that makes connections between specific devices on a network by sending and receiving data between them Synchronize (SYN) flood attack: A type of DoS attack that simulates a TCP/IP connection and floods a server with SYN packets ##### T TCP/IP model: A framework used to visualize how data is organized and transmitted across a network Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): An internet communication protocol that allows two devices to form a connection and stream data Transmission control protocol (TCP) 3-way handshake: A three-step process used to establish an authenticated connection between two devices on a network ##### U Uncontrolled zone: The portion of the network outside the organization User Datagram Protocol (UDP): A connectionless protocol that does not establish a connection between devices before transmissions ##### V Virtual Private Network (VPN): A network security service that changes your public IP address and masks your virtual location so that you can keep your data private when you are using a public network like the internet ##### W Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that spans a large geographic area like a city, state, or country Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA): A wireless security protocol for devices to connect to the internet